Category: Biology Questions

A phenotype is defined as an observable trait or characteristic of an organism that is the outcome of gene interaction and environmental factors. These traits include physical appearances. In general, the phenotype can be defined as the total sum of an organism’s observable characteristics. 

An organism’s phenotype includes its behavioural, biochemical, and physiological properties. The phenotype is affected by environmental factors and lifestyle, and the environmental factors may include nutrition, humidity, temperature, and the organism’s mental health. 

For instance, if we talk about flamingoes, they are white in colour but turns to pink colour because of the pigments they get from their diet. Therefore the flamingoes portray clearly how they are affected by environmental factors. Also, the phenotype of an organism constantly modifies depending on environmental factors. 

A lumen in biology refers to the inside space of a tabular structure such as an intestine or artery. Lumen comes from a Latin word that means “an opening”. For example, the endoplasmic reticulum lumen refers to the space inside the folds of ER.  

It refers to the vessel’s interior as a central space in a vein or artery through which the blood flows.  

A lumen can also be the inside space of a cellular structure such as the endoplasmic reticulum.  

It refers to: 

• Vessel’s interior 
• Pathways of bronchi in lungs 

When talking about cell biology, a lumen is a membrane-defined space that is found inside several organelles.

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RNA stands for Ribonucleic acid, which is a molecule similar to DNA. It helps in protein synthesis in the body, and this nucleic acid is responsible for producing new cells in the human body. RNA is usually obtained from DA molecules and resembles DNA. However, the only difference is that it has a single strand, whereas DNA has two strands. 

However, ribonucleic acid consists of only a single ribose sugar molecule in it, and so it is known as ribonucleic acid. It is also referred to as an enzyme as it facilitates chemical reaction processes in the body. 

Basic Structure of RNA

RNA has all the components same as the DNA with two chief differences. One is it has the same nitrogen bases known as Adenine, cytosine, guanine as that of DNA except for Thymine that is replaced by uracil. 

Uracil and Adenine are considered major building blocks of RNA, and both of them form a base pair with two hydrogen bonds. It resembles a hairpin-like stricture and like the nucleotides present in DNA. Nucleotides are the phosphate groups that sometimes help in nucleotides production in DNA. 

Functions of RNA! 

The RNA is composed of nucleic acid, which is involved in various functions within the cell. These are found in living organisms, including viruses, plants, animals, and bacteria. The functions of RNA includes: 

1. RNA functions as an adapter molecule in protein synthesis. 
2. RNA serves as a messenger between ribosomes and DNA 
3. It promotes the ribosomes to choose the suitable amino acids 
4. It facilitates the translation of DNAs into proteins 
5. RNA is the genetic information carrier in all living cells. 

With this many functionalities, RNA is of different types. Let us get familiar with the RNA types. 

RNA types

1. tRNA: tRNA stands for transfer RNA responsible for choosing the suitable amino acids or proteins required by the body. tRNA is located at the endpoints of each amino acid and is also known as soluble RNA. tRNA also forms a link between the amino acid and messenger RNA. 

2. rRNA: rRNA stands for Ribosomal RNA, which is the component of the ribosome. These are located within the cell’s cytoplasm. rRNA plays a fundamental role in the translation and synthesis of mRNA into proteins. 

3. mRNA: mRNA stands for Messenger RNA, which functions by transferring genetic material into ribosomes. It also passes the instructions about the protein types. Messenger RNA is known as Messenger RNA based on its functions, and it plays a fundamental role in transcription’s process or curing protein synthesis process. 

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A vector is a vehicle or medium which transfers a disease and pathogens. These are the agents who send the virus from animal to man or man to animal. The medium may be infected or pure causing infections and viruses to an individual. 

For example: 

• Female Anopheles Mosquito Cause Malaria, here mosquito is a vector of the disease malaria 
• Tsetse flies cause sleeping sickness 

 Vectors cause disease by mixing with our blood and becoming part of our DNA fragments. They can make instant connections to our body’s cells and tissue.

Vectors carry bacteria, germs, and micro-germs with them in separate ways. Depending on which, they are divided into two main parts. 

1. BIOLOGICAL VECTORS 
2. MECHANICAL VECTORS 

MECHANICAL VECTORS 

An animal that infects the host without being infected is a Mechanical vector. 

This type of animal spreads the infection by sitting on the source, taking the effect with them, and leaving the bacteria of that source to an entity. 

For example- a housefly 

When a housefly lands on the dirt and unhygienic places they carry some of the effects with them and leave the impact wherever they go without being infected. 

BIOLOGICAL VECTORS 

An animal that carries infection and diseases and bites the host by which the man gets infected is known as Biological Vector. These insects, flies, or mosquitoes are already influenced by the disease and their blood cells have been completely replaced by the infection. 

For example- Malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and many more. 

When they bite, you directly come under the effect of light or harsh symptoms such as irritation, itching, and high fevers. 

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Biology is the study of life and living organisms. It teaches about the humans and environment. The skills you learn from it apply to everyday working life, and the knowledge is transferable.

However, students are more worried about the subjects due to the complex terms and diagrams.

Diagrams play a crucial role in biology. As far as the complicated terminologies are concerned, you will be able to learn all those efficiently if you follow the appropriate revision approach.

Are you worried about your last moment revisions for your exams? Let us revise biology the easy way!

1. Make a list: First, you need to list all the key topics that you primarily want to cover. Well, of course, this doesn’t mean that we are saying to skip the chapters. You need to study it all, but the more important topics that have the maximum marking in the exam must be covered first so that there is no chance of leaving an essential chapter.
2. Utilize the revision techniques: Gone are the days when the students had to adjust to the tedious studying methods. Now, kids are more intelligent as they utilize technological advancements to study well. And when it comes to revising it, you can relate it to the daily activities, make some cue cards, use mind mapping games, or use the clock for each question that you are trying to revise within a particular time frame.
3. Teach the concepts: The best way of learning is to teach someone else. Even if you don’t have somebody whom you can introduce, then one best way to execute this is by assuming that you are teaching it to someone.
4. Well, start explaining the concepts loudly and use the diagrams to show things clearly. This will not only help revise the theory but also helps in practising the diagrams that are essential to score well in your exams.
5. Make a plan: Marke a routine to revise the subject instead of leaving it for last day revisions only.
6. Practice previous year papers: Practicing previous year papers can be the golden ticket to score well in the exams. Previous year practice papers not only help revise the content of the subject but also familiarise the student with the marking scheme and paper pattern.

Apply these tactics to revise the subject in real and reward yourself with excellent marks in your exams.

What does substrate mean in biology?

In biology, the substrates are the substances with which enzymes react, and in ecology, a substrate refers to the foundation to which an immobile substance is attached. In short, the substrate is a material or a surface from which an organism obtains nourishment or grows.

A substrate is a substance that reacts to an active site of an enzyme. The formation of a chemical bond between the substrate and active site is done, and these reactions are known as enzyme-catalyzed reactions. After forming the enzyme-substrate complex, the enzyme exerts a force on substances, and they get converted to products as an outcome.

Enzyme substrate complex:

The enzyme (E) + Substrate (S) ——–> Enzyme Substrate or ES Complex

During such a complex, an enzyme requires a well-specified substrate to perform the catalytic activities. Simultaneously, several active sites are available in enzyme bodies which attracts the substrates known as substrate specificity. Therefore, substrates are loaded in the active sites to form the relatively weaker bonds between them.

Essential to note!

• The reaction between the substrate and active sites takes place at specified parameters.
• Though substrate becomes a part of the product, several changes, including changes in share and size and physicochemical properties, take place within enzymes.

What does Biomass mean in biology?

Biomass refers to the several types of living organisms in a particular ecosystem or environment. Biomass is the total mass of living organisms such as animals, plants in a specific area of the volume of habitat in ecological terms.

Plants transforming sunlight to chemical energy through photosynthesis are known as producers. The living organisms that consume producers are called the primary consumers, and the organisms that feed on the primary consumers are known as secondary consumers. All these terms describe the biomass productivity in an ecosystem where each consumer eats the other one.

Biomass can also be called species biomass that means the mass of one or more species. It can also be known as community species that is the mass for all species present in the community. The Biomass includes plants, microorganisms, and animals.

At a given time, the animal tissues and living plants get accumulated in a specific environment, and Biomass is referred to as a total accumulated material in particular time frames.